Effect of far infrared therapy on arteriovenous fistula maturation: an open-label randomized controlled trial.

Far infrared radiation (FIR): its biological effects and medical applications

Fatma Vatansever and Michael R. Hamblin. Photonics Lasers Med. 2012 Nov 1; 4: 255–266

Abstract
Far infrared (FIR) radiation (lambda = 3-100 mcm) is a subdivision of the electromagnetic spectrum that has been investigated for biological effects. The goal of this review is to cover the use of a further sub-division (3– 12 mcm) of this waveband, that has been observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, to stimulate cells and tissue, and is considered a promising treatment modality for certain medical conditions. Technological advances have provided new techniques for delivering FIR radiation to the human body. Specialty lamps and saunas, delivering pure FIR radiation (eliminating completely the near and mid infrared bands), have became safe, effective, and widely used sources to generate therapeutic effects. Fibers impregnated with FIR emitting ceramic nanoparticles and woven into fabrics, are being used as garments and wraps to generate FIR radiation, and attain health benefits from its effects.

Effect of far infrared therapy on arteriovenous fistula maturation:
an open-label randomized controlled trial.

Lin CC, Yang WC, Chen MC, Liu WS, Yang CY, Lee PC. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 Aug;62(2):304-11

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Malfunction of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an important cause of morbidity and hospitalization in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of far infrared therapy on the maturation and patency of newly created AVFs in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5.

STUDY DESIGN:
Randomized controlled study.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS:
Patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 5-20 mL/min/1.73 m².

INTERVENTION:
40 minutes of far infrared therapy 3 times weekly for a year.

OUTCOMES:
The primary outcome is the rate of AVF malfunction within 12 months, with malfunction defined as either: (1) thrombosis without thrill for AVFs not undergoing HD or (2) receiving any type of interventional procedure due to a lower Kt/V (<1.2) for patients undergoing HD. Secondary outcomes include: (1) cumulative primary unassisted AVF patency, defined as time from creation of the AVF to the first episode of AVF malfunction; (2) physiologic maturation of the AVF by the definition of AVF access blood flow (Qa) =>500 mL/min and AVF diameter =>4 mm at 3 months; and (3) clinical maturation of the AVF suitable for HD at 1 year.

MEASUREMENTS:
AVF Qa was measured by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 days and 1, 2, 3, and 12 months.

RESULTS:
We enrolled 122 patients who were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 60) and control (n = 62) groups. In comparison to controls, patients in the intervention group had higher Qa values at 1, 2, 3, and 12 months; a higher rate of physiologic maturation (90% vs 76%; P = 0.04) at 3 months; and a lower rate of AVF malfunction (12% vs 29%; P = 0.02) but higher rates of AVF cumulative unassisted patency (87% vs 70%; P = 0.01) and clinical maturation (82% vs 60%; P = 0.008) within 12 months.

LIMITATIONS:
This is a single-center nonblinded study.

CONCLUSIONS:
Far infrared therapy improves the access flow, maturation, and patency of newly created AVFs in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 4 and 5.